The Causes of Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder   

•  It is chronic, cumulative, inescapable.
• Usually occurs interpersonally, involve direct harm, betrayal, violating and exploitation by another person.
•  Occurs during developmentally vulnerable periods of life (such as childhood which is the critical periods of brain development and personality formation)

Examples                                                          

1  1 .  Childhood abuse

        ♦  Physical abuse: Any injury resulted on a child by intentional force.

§          ♦ Sexual abuse: Any sexual intercourse, and forcible rape between adult and children. *(The age of sex consent is 16 years old according to Section 375 of the Penal Code)

§         ♦ Emotional abuse: Psychological abuse, humiliating or threatening actions that caused an emotional distress.

§         ♦ Neglect: failed to provide basic needs to children such as protection, nutrition, hygiene, clothing.

                 International statistic:

Around the world, 40 million children were being abused each year.

 National statistic: (UNICEF, 2010)

Year	Reported child abuse cases in Malaysia
2006	1,999
2007	2,279
2008	2,780

Based on the report in 2008, the highest cases of child abuse in Malaysia is neglect. The statistic followed by physically abuse, sexual abuse. (UNICEF, 2010)

§  Neglect : 952 cases

§  Physically abuse : 863 cases

§  Sexually abuse: 733 cases (72% were incest)

2.   Domestic violence

   Experience long-term battering by intimate partner (Both physical and sexual  assaults) 

  *(referred to Domestic Violence Act 1994) 

    

  Statistic of reported cases of domestic violence against women in Malaysia: 

    (WAO, n.d)

Year	Reported domestic abuse cases in Malaysia
2000	3,468
2001	3,107
2002	2,755
2003	2,555
2004	3,101
2005	3,093
2006	3,264
2007	3,756
2008	3,769
2009	3,643
2010	3,173
2011	3,277
2012	3,488
2013	4,123
2014	4,807

3. Long-term bullying

         Bullying at school such as daily taunts, teasing, and harassment.                    (Both physical and verbal abuse)

          

Statistic of school bullying cases in Malaysia: (Mohsen, 2016)

Year	Reported school bullying cases in Malaysia
2012	4,159
2013	4,120
2014	2,906
2015	3,011

3.      Torture, entrapment or kidnapping, prisoner of war camps and etc.

References:

The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2010). Child Abuse In Malaysia. Retrieved        from: http://www.unicef.org/malaysia/GetonBoard-Factsheet-Child-Abuse-in-Malaysia.pdf

Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO) (n.d.). Police Statistics on Violence against Women in Malaysia (2000-2014).Retrieved from: http://www.wao.org.my/Police+Statistics+on+Violence+Against+Women+2000-2014_99_6_1.htm

Mohsen, A. S. (2016, May 9). Statistics show drop in disciplinary issues among school students. TheSunDaily. Retrieved from: http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1794969